Philosophy

Socrates in the Apology
The main point in this argument is the Socratic exposition of the contradictions of his accusers in the Athenian court. Socrates exposes this contradiction very clearly. He argues that it would be impossible for anyone to be a believer and a non believer at the same time therefore, he could not have been an unbeliever while he, at the same time, had his own new gods. Socrates made this point in his own defense against the accusation that was leveled against him, that he had abandoned the gods of the ancestors and created his own, and that he was teaching the young people the ways of these new deities.

The Fourth Meditation of Descartes
     The main argument here is that the only way to avoid error is by refraining from making judgments where certainty in the issue at hand is lacking. This comes as a result of the recognition of the inherent weakness in the human person in as far as clarity of perception of all things is concerned. Such clarity of perception, according to Descartes was only possible for God. Therefore it is important to judge only when one is possession of the truth necessary for such and undertaking. In making this claim Descartes had seen the challenge that he was faced with in his search for certain kind of knowledge, and was only asking that restraint be exercised in judgment, when sufficient evidence was lacking.

The Problem of Socrates
The main argument here is that Socrates, like all other philosophers who insist on the importance of rationality were deeply flawed. The argument is that what Socrates moved to eliminate, namely decadence, was the place he found himself in, because there was no possibility of eliminating the instinctual factors, which are central to the human person. He had failed to recognize that instincts had a greater role to play than rationality these instincts greatly influence the exercise of ones inherent power. Nietzsche made this point in opposition to the attempt by the Greek philosophers to advance the idea of supremacy of rationality, which meant thinking in certain limited ways, which were considered rational.  Nietzsche was calling people to use their power for self realization, to a rejection of the rationalism of the Greeks, which only denied people the capacity to exercise their power.

Morality
The central theme here is that morality is a deep form of decadence, which should be rejected by all who have the desire to be powerful and strong. Christian morality is a form of a rejection of life, because it only supports values of a weary and the weak, and as such is a morality of the slaves. The persons who want to be really free must exercise their own power, regardless of the demands of the weak, Christian slave morality. The point here is a rejection of Christian morality, which is an instinct of the weak. This is made in assertion of the importance of the self as a powerful force that should stand against all sorts of weaknesses. It is a call made to all the great people to a rejection of what is termed as a morality of those who are not strong to an exercise of the greatness that is discouraged by the Christian religion.