Answer to Question
Conclusion Doctors never ask how much one sleeps, but that could be an indicator that something is wrong. Research showed no adverse effects for those sleeping between six and eight hours per day.
1 People who get less than six hours sleep per night have an increased risk of dying prematurely.
1.1 Those who slumbered for less than that amount of time were 12 percent more likely to die early.
1.2 Unequivocal evidence of the direct link, between lack of sleep and premature death.
1.3 If you sleep little, you can develop diabetes, obesity, hypertension and high cholesterol.
1.4 We think that the relation between little sleep and illness is due to a series of hormonal and metabolical mechanisms.
2 The duration of sleep is a public health issue and should be considered as a behavioral risk factor by doctors.
2.1 Society pushes us to sleep less and less.
2.2 More common amongst full-time workers.
2.3 Doctors never ask how much one sleeps, but that could be an indicator that something is wrong.
3 The study also found a link between sleeping more than nine hours per night and premature. Oversleeping is more likely to be an effect of illness, rather than a cause.
Evaluation of the argument
Rhetorical devices
Emotionally charged language is used in creation of the argument People who get less than six hours sleep per night have an increased risk of dying prematurely. The use of emotionally charged language draws the audience aback creating an anxiety. Audience is impacted and is made believe and agree that the author is correct.
The description If you sleep little, you can develop diabetes, obesity, hypertension and high cholesterol, is more a conclusive statement. Use of the statement Unequivocal evidence of the direct link, between lack of sleep and premature death elaborates that there is clear evidence that less sleep makes you prone to conditions like diabetes, obesity, hypertension and high cholesterol. The statement is made in certainty to convince audience to believe what he says are right.We think that the relation between little sleep and illness is due to a series of hormonal and metabolical mechanisms, This statement is an asserted assumption by the author. The assumption is made in the elaboration of the cause of less sleep to make audience believe what he says is right.
The author uses the analogical argument that Society pushes us to sleep less and less. This argument is supported by an inductive inference of statistical generalization he uses that ...20 percent of the population in the United States and Britain sleeps less than five hours, an assumption of similarity between United States and Britain is obtained. Populations are compared also suggesting that sleeping less than is hours is More common amongst full-time workers, suggesting that it may be due to societal pressures for longer working hours and more shift work. The author uses superlative language as less, more, longer to make a higher level of argument and in doing so set standards, precisely giving an inductive generalization in sentence to convince the audience to believe what they say is correct.
He concludes Doctors never ask how much one sleeps, but that could be an indicator that something is wrong, this statement in itself is a proposition to make the convince audience and make them believe that what he says is right. The statement Research showed no adverse effects for those sleeping between six and eight hours per day then concludes the argument, then assuring the audience and making them believe that what he says is indeed truthful.
Evaluation of the inferences
Main argument (Premises 1-3).
Premise 1.
The author puts out the main premise as an opening statement that, People who get less than six hours sleep per night have an increased risk of dying prematurely. The use of this argument is more like a deliberation while the argument given supports the conclusion.
In order to decide whether the conclusion is supported, we need to look at the main premise. The author concludes by stating that, Doctors never ask how much one sleeps, but that could be an indicator that something is wrong, Research showed no adverse effects for those sleeping .... The main argument is that the less you sleep the more likely you could die prematurely and the more you sleep brings about a similar effect. The author supports the main premise very well using Cappucios research findings to explain the conclusion he arrives at. The author looks at both arguments. Indeed then chooses the best conclusion being that doctors should be inquisitive about hours of sleep and gives a recommendation of hours of sleep in inference to the best explanation from Cappucios research findings. This is inductive reasoning that gives us a good reason to believe that the conclusion is likely to be true but does not purport to make it certain. An inference is made to his observation of facts of cause explained.
Premise 2.
The author further argues The duration of sleep is a public health issue and should be considered as a behavioral risk factor by doctors. This is an argument in counter consideration of Premise 2.There is an element of consideration that indeed sleeps a public concern.
Premise 3.
The author then departs his attention into explaining that the study also found a link between sleeping more than nine hours per night and premature death. This departure plays the role of explaining that while people are recommended to sleep enough, sleeping more that the recommended hours may be a cause of sickness and which may cause premature death according to Cappucios findings.
Sub Arguments Supporting Premise 1
Sub Argument 1.1 Is an interdependent premise directly linking statistical generalization to support the assertion that those who slumbered for less than that amount of time were 12 percent more likely to die early The statistical generalization is a sample representative of the population of more than 1.3 million people for over a decade and from all around the world, stratified sampling has been used to show differences in the population for this study as in the demonstrating statement that about 20 percent of the population in the United States and Britain sleeps less than five hours.
Sub Argument 1.2 The authors uses causal reasoning that there is an unequivocal evidence of the direct link between lack of sleep and premature death, showing correlation of omission of an act to a cause.
Sub Argument 1.3 The author uses causal reasoning in the statement, If you sleep little, you can develop diabetes.l. This is a supporting statement to the Premise 1.
Sub Argument 1.4 The author promotes a further contemplation, analogical reasoning We think that the relation between little sleep and illness is due to a series of hormonal and metabolical mechanisms, this could be thought of as supporting that people may develop diseases as a result of lack of sleep.
Sub Arguments Supporting Premise 2
Sub Argument 2.1 The sustaining argument to Premise 2 is in the facts that Society pushes us to sleep less and less, This is supported by giving a statistical generalization in demonstration that, about 20 percent of the population in the United States and Britain sleeps less than five hours.The statistics have been used by the author in support of Premise 2 to convince the audience to believe that a study was indeed carried out stratified sampling was used for the study involving more than 1.3 million people from around the world in duration of decade long of studies.
Sub Argument 2.2 The author uses the inductive inference from statistical generalizations that sleeping less than six hours is more common amongst full-time workers... as found in the study to elaborate further why society is sleeping less and less.
Sub Argument 2.3 There is concealed information in the conclusion the author clarifies in Cappucios words, that the duration of sleep is a public health issue and that should be considered a behavioral risk factor by doctors, he brings out the need to investigate into the conclusion. The major concern is the public health issue that doctors should look into sleeping patterns of patients while they try understanding a persons health as a societal affair.
Conclusion.
The conclusion is normative, it does tell us what we should have and do and should not do. From the article, the evidence and arguments provided, do support the conclusion. The article talked about too much the adverse effects of less sleep than oversleeping. We have some emotionally charged language and loaded descriptions trying to convince audience, however some parts of article is lack of sufficient support, Premise 5 . Sufficient evidence has been provided in support of the conclusion given therefore convincing to its audience.
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