Philosophy

Globalization has been described in detail in the  The Next Global Stage, Challenges and Opportunities in our Borderless World, written by  Kenichi Ohmae . Kenichi Ohmae  has been known as worlds best  business and corporate strategist.According to him, Internet has taken globalization to next step.There has been a valid point raised by the author in his book and that has been that profit making is not a sin.There has been normally argument against globalization in the sense that it increase the profit of some nations, while majority has been reeling under poverty.The author has not been against the capitalist role of some nations and  has not been against any values and ethics that has been followed by countries for creation of wealth.

Ohame in his book has been arguing that technology will change fast  and only those countries that can move with it will be able to reap the benefits.There has been change in the concept of traditional wealth creation and economics and countries has been willing to enter competition mode and attract more investments.There has been change in perception and knowledge has been considered as the biggest wealth creator along with technology.The business will have to become more pragmatism and become more practical  to adjust to changing times.Ohame has said that there are features to globalization and  borderless, and has been connected using Internet.The author also argues that globalization has been bringing an  invisibility and the real factor is profit.The author also argues that  global economy is passing through different complexities and there has to be explanation  that can be difficult to produce.

Ohame has not been a big supporter of suppression of the role of government but this paper has been put forwarding the concept that government should be having the role of facilitator rather than the role of dominance.The paper  would be arguing that Internet revolution has benefited and  that would be helping the business to do things for itself.Ohame has been also not a big supporter of democratic values and human right values.This  paper has not gone in depth to that issue.The paper has mentioned only certain arguments in to the possible reasons why Ohame judgment stands valid.

Ohame has been putting forward the idea that it is the market that would be determining the prosperity rather than government.The paper highlights the statement by citing the example of BPO in which individual will be gaining the economic prosperity and will be willing to spend big on the economy.The professionals will not be limited by the role of government, and they can change the way society economy functions.Ohame has been also a big advocate for leadership and this paper also  supports the argument.It is change in tactics that would be bringing the much needed change in business world.There has been  argument in the essay that e-business has been good for the overall growth of the economy.

BUSINESS IN A CHANGING WORLD
Kenichi Ohmae  cites that country reluctant to embrace globalization will be wiped out by new economy and  this theory will not be limited to any nations.The author cites that the principle of globalization if neglected by individual ,will also lead to failure of individual.The author has stated that company who has been reluctant to get used to latest technology will be left behind.Companies must be willing to make changes to their management decisions and that will be the main cause in business success.There should be radical change in the corporate mission statement and that should be suiting the latest globalization. Global recession has made business much  tougher. Business firms will have to devise ways to retain their existing consumers and  take new ones.Internet has been considered as a powerful tool in this process of globalization.There should be a certain management tactics to move forward in todays globaleconomy.

The prime example of companies or industries that has been forced to change the way they function can be said in department of photography.There has been manual cameras that has been ruling the world for long time.That had changed when globalization has taken place and the world has been raving about digital cameras.Camera companies that has been reluctant to change from manual mode has been left behind and the latest advancement in the camera field has been the entry of mobile cameras.

There has been change in the way customer relationship has been taking place in global era.Companies has not been reluctant to take into personalized  customer service.The business leaders has to be bold to take radical decisions that will be suiting the need of the global world.That means the leaders should be willing to change the way companies function or will perish.

The author points out that increased use of English language has led to a concept of global language (Clott,2004,p.167).Recent trends has seen that higher education globally has turned to English and those willing to embrace the language has been able to travel extensively.More over there has been lot of career openings for persons who has been well versed in English.

The growth of computer and Internet has also  led to the growth of  a global communication system and Microsoft has created more waves in operating system.There has been increased global brands and marketing efforts has become more international.

Countries has been willing to put economic freedom on top of their agendas and the author has cited the example of China.China has been following a rigid political system but has not been reluctant to follow the economic freedom.Leaders of the present era has been focusing on improving their technical knowledge and scientific knowledge.

The book highlight has been that it has been giving an insight to economic problems.There has been investment insights and  there has been insight to wealth creation also.The author also cites that wealth or capital is the key to growth and countries will have to attract  foreign direct investment.The book has been criticized for its outright comments in supporting the capitalism, and the reason has been that there has been no comments against human right violations in name of globalization.There has been more importance to the factor of capital over human relation factor.

Ohame has been against the traditional practice  of economic theories and  he has been trying to promote innovation and  good leadership.The author has been projecting the world wide musical tours as part of globalization process.The author has been able to point out Riverdance as a  metaphor for  global economy.This has been Irish company and the participants have been from different countries and that has been enjoyed throughout the world.This is the same way author tries to portray globalization.The evidence of globalization has been witnessed throughout the world.The author cites that China has been like a region based block trying for investment and that means China has been looking to the world not as an unified block.But the investment flow has been heartening for China.

Ireland has been one country that has attracted foreign direct investment and has embraced globalization .Finland has been another country that has been embracing  internationalization  and innovation ,knowledge based economy  has been their secret to embrace globalization.The main features of all these three countries has been that they were willing to embrace globalization without any feeling of nationalism.

Global economy has been normally considered as a border less feature and the main reason has been because tariff has been decreasing.There has been increased setting up of companies beyond the place of origin.Business has changed track thanks to effective communication through Internet.Internet has bought worlds close together with e-mail mode of communication.That has changed with social network ,Twitter and other method of communication through Internet.There has been improvement in the phone communication system with mobile technology coming into place.Internet has helped the spread of business communications faster and there has been increased marketing using social networking sites and blogs.

There has been deregulation of capital markets and world has been  taking US dollar as base currency.There has been increasing setting up of offices in different parts of world like setting up manufacturing plant in India , setting up of R  D in China while the company headquarters is in USA.
The Internet and computer has helped the development of e-commerce.That has helped the consumers to know more about the  product pricing and the various options the consumers while choosing a product.The consumers has got more freedom in choosing a product from USA and shipped to home in SriLanka.There has been another advantage for business people.They can get raw materials at lower price from different parts of world and that can be assembled  at home place.There has been improvement in  cash transaction thanks to the concept of online banking .People can do banking transactions from their home and that has also changed the speed in finance dealing.There has been increase in purchase using credit card transactions.Voice over Internet protocol has helped the communication to improve.The author has stated that share market has become global and there has been increased forex trading from different parts of world.The author also states that there has to be improvement in the globalization process and the process will not be slowing down.The author also states that globalization will bring economic prosperity provided countries make full advantage of globalization.

The key point that the author has raised is that there is opportunity through globalization and countries can either make full use of it to move forward.There has been creation of global cities throughout the world.The gap between the international economy and local economy has been less and   GATT ,WTO  organizations has taken the process of globalization forward.The positive effect of globalization should be taken forward to protect the human rights, protecting the environment and values of democracy.The fall or collapse of Soviet Union ,with the rise of Microsoft has accelerated the process of globalization.Countries like India and China has been embracing globalization in their own terms.Ohame has been correct in stating that process of globalization  will continue and  world will become close to a stage.There has been  communication systems like Wi-Fi system that has  accelerated the process of  Internet connection.The world  has seen many cultural festivals that has broken many barriers.The notable has been the Berlin film festival ,Toronto International film festival, and many other films festival.The most notable highlight has been the  Cannes film festival.There has been media firms like CNN , BBC, Reuters ,New York times and so on.
Google has taken the process of globalization forward.Harry potter has been a clear example of how globalization has taken forward the process in publishing business.This has been because of Internet communication skills.

Global economy has been working all over the world.There has been many countries that has embraced globalization.Dubai has embraced globalization and has benefited.Dubai has tried to attract international tourist and international business companies .Business firms has been willing to set up offices in Dubai thanks to their tax free environment.Dubai shopping festival has been a big success and Dubai has constructed many tall buildings of global standard.

Global economy has meant that more consumers have been willing to spend money on hedge fund , derivatives and share market.The global economy has been moving away from theories of Adam Smith and so on.Economic conditions and theories has been changing very fast.

Kenichi Ohmae  has argued that liquidity of money has been the hall mark of globaleconomy.Technology has helped to faster deregulation of markets.Capital has been flowing to areas that has offered the highest returns and that has no other sense.In shot it has been used to increase gains and nothing else.

There has been change in interest rates that has been offered by companies and there has been more cross country investments.Foreign investment would mean that investment made by the resident of a country in the assets and manufacturing process of another  country.There has been developing countries that been offered capital and technological know how and this has been made possible because of globalization.

Asian countries has been opening their economy from 1990s and India has been one country that has liberalized their economy.There has been more Foreign direct investment to India.That has helped to increase the international competitiveness of the country.There has been integration of Indian economy with global economy.There has been major shift policy in the inflow of capital.European countries  has been the major source of capital investment countries and that had changed after globalization took place.Countries like USA and other countries has been investing more in India.Countries like Japan , South Korea has joined the band wagon (Palvia,2003,p.8).

The changed policy in favor of attracting foreign direct investment  by India has helped the country  to fill the gap between the domestically available supplies of savings , foreign sexchange , government revenue and management skills .

Investment has been attracted by countries like India because of their policies.countries globally know that they are a part of buyers market and they have to improve their competitiveness to attract the market share in form of investment.Investment would mean that more job creation and more economic prosperity.

Indian professionals has been earning money faster these days and compensation package has been the best globally.That has ensured that there has been a reverse brain drain to India.There has been situation in which professional from India after completing their study went abroad for jobs.That had changed with Indian professionals returning  to India.The main reason for this increase of salary has been that India has been attracting investment from large and medium foreign based firms.Indian companies has been going global and  business conditions has become favorable.

Companies like Nokia has set up manufacturing base in India.That means the size of the market is spreading evenly across the world and that has created more employment opportunities.There has been reduction in traditional jobs and modern era has created new job opportunities.

Customer relationship management has become a buzzword among global companies(Ghose,2004,p.232).Global companies need the expertise to function in an economic environment that can be termed global and complex. (Agenor, 2004,p.28).The relationship will be improving with increased communication.There has been improved method of communication thanks to e-mail system.A sales person can update the sales figure fast by using attachment option in e-mail.Companies can supply goods faster thanks to the stock updating that has been taking place faster.Companies can ship goods to remote areas and get customers outside their choice of operation.All these show that globalization has created opportunities but to make full advantage of it , the companies need to change their style of operation.

There has been many firms that has found that globalization has helped them to improve their business.There has been more profit markets beyond their traditional market and innovation has been the key to success.International business  has helped to remove all political barriers and  new technology has helped to bring the world together.The difference between the nations has lessened and globalization has been the main drive behind this.Colgate has been operating in many countries outside USA and has been generating more revenue.That could be taken forward as Sony has been selling mobile in India and Boeing has been selling airlines to different parts of world.

South Africa has the largest diamond in world and  this has been an exception.In many cases it has been just comparative advantage only.USA has been a manufacturing hub but globalization has ensured that China has also become a manufacturing hub.That had increased the competitiveness of countries and products.There has been more research and development that has been meeting global standards.There has been a clear cut policy on exporting and importing.countries like India has been exporting their knowledge.Countries like China has taken the support of USA to influence English language.There has been a clear role of balance of trade in a globaleconomy and that has been countries has been trying to increase their revenue by exporting more.

Countries like India has been earning more revenue using tourism and that has helped to create a value chain.That had influenced the creation of good hotels that has been meeting international standard.
Tourism has helped countries like Maldives to earn much needed income.Singapore has grown with the help of tourism.Globalization has helped to improve the trade practices and there has been much importance for transparency and accountability.Globalization has also helped companies to come out with products that has been innovative.

The most notable has been the Mecca Cola that has been sold in Middle East.The product has been  able to meet the competition of Coca Cola.There has been improvement in infrastructure and that also includes electricity generation and clean roads.There has been instances in which companies that has been making losses in local market has been able to make profit outside their area of operation.Kodak has been one example of getting good market share in countries like China and India.Globalization has helped the developing countries to improve their airports and shipping facilities.There has been improvement in railways and other infrastructure.

Globalization has given importance to exchange rates .There are countries that are devaluing the currency and that would mean that if a country devalues the currency ,it would be beneficial for tourists and the cost of goods that has been exported from the country.That means the domestic local goods sales will be increased and tourism will increase.Mexico has  been country that has been devalued currency.There has been another alternative in the form of revaluing the currency and countries rarely try this.

Globalization has helped the legal issues to be in tune with global standards and there has been global labor laws.Globalization has created problems in areas like copyright laws with countries has very different view point and laws on this subject.The process of globalization has helped to improve the copyright and patent laws.There has been increase of piracy rates and that has been affecting the sales of Microsoft and there has been an effort to counterfeit this.

Counterfeiting has been affecting the quality of goods and this has been happening because of the increased popularity of the product.There has been political instability that has been associated with countries like Iraq,Honduras,South Africa.There has been cases when  economic sanctions for political reasons has been imposed against certain countries.There has been countries like Cuba that has been forced to stand alone against USA and take a new path to the process of globalization.
Civil wars in Sudan and Sri Lanka has affected their process of globalization.countries like Sri Lanka has been able to gather some foreign exchange money in tourism.There has been cases like Afghanistan that has been pressurized by Taliban to step away from the process of globalization.Countries like Cuba has not been away from the process of globalization because other nations has been stepping in place of USA.That include nations like Canada and so on.There has been cartel formation by oil producing firms and this has  been against the principle of globalization.

There has been cultural barrier that globalization has to address and that would include a cross section of countries.Countries like Australia are reluctant to try out food beyond their home country while American has not been reluctant.Globalization has helped the advertising business to reinvent themselves.There has been an increase in online  banner ads and companies has been careful in using words and images.This is to prevent an second meaning in some other countries.

Globalization has helped in creating new talent for ad companies and that can be said as a example.Number 4 when used in Asian market will be signifying death and when used in American market will be signifying more growth.Splashing of Red and Gold colors  more in an ad will try to send out a message that the ad has been meant for Chinese markets.All these factors has to be looked by ad companies and ad companies will not be reluctant to take the help of local members.

Globalization has created opportunities for local models as companies has been looking for local models to promote their global brand.That would include usage of celebrities.Pepsi used the ad of Sachin,a popular cricketer in India to market their products in India.Sharuk Khan ,a key bollywood actor has been used in the ad of Hyundai.Another popular actor Aamir Khan has been used in the ad of Samsung mobile.All this has shown that globalization has been willing to respect local values and ethics when it comes to all departments.

Globalization has helped in improving business practices and there has been a marked improvement in sticking for deadlines.There has been involvement of global budgeting systems.There has been increased commitment to the local community and there has been measures that has been taken to improve the environment.Globalization has helped the people to understand the implications of weather change and implications of destroying forest in unwanted manner.

Globalization has helped in improving media ties and that would include the case of Al-Jazeera getting afoot hold in Middle East market.Shot into prominence by airing the Iraq-Kuwait war,Al-Jazeera has been able to show a detailed report on the problems between Palestine and Israel.

There has been a speed to the process of globalization thanks to mobile technology.That has meant more communication systems to large number of people.Consumer has been benefiting  in various FMCG areas thanks to globalization.There has been wireless communications globally.

INTERNET BRANDING AND BPO
North American firms has been increasing their operations thanks to Internet.Internet has helped many companies to operate in Europe.This has been the best feature of globalization .There has to be number of issues that company or global marketers has to choose like the language,culture,regulations,differing standards for telecommunication and so on.
The most dominant language that has been used in Internet has been English.That does not mean that other languages has been neglected.The popular language over the Internet can be said as Spanish,Japanese,German and french.Chinese nationals has not been reluctant to  use their Mandarin Chinese language and that has been also helping the growth of Internet in china.There has been use of Swedish,Italian and dutch languages through Internet.But still the language that has been preferred by all has been English.

The possible reason has been that there has to be rewriting of codes when translation has to be done.Content has to be updated faster in local language and in English language.The content in the local language should not be an exact copying of the content that has been written in English language.The problem with local language will be that it will supported in only limited area and that can affect the revenues that will generated from ads.

The site content should be looking at the interest of local people.For example sports content writing in India should be covering more Cricket than Baseball.The reason is that Cricket has been more passionate in India than Baseball.In the same format there has to be adjusting of content in other sectors like entertainment,media,news and so on.The web content should be addressing the local,national and international issues with good judgment.

There has to be clear addressing of privacy issues and security issues in web content writing.There has been many web publishers who would be reluctant to share the online visit traffic details on the web site and there would be many web sites who would be willing to share the data through online.There has to be creating of customized content for online sites and that would be bringing in more revenue to the site.

That mean to become successful in a globalmarket,there should be the ability to look beyond the normal procedures and that will mean more objectivity.By the term objectivity what is inferred is hat companies should be willing to address the issues of  knowing more about the opportunities that has been happening in the world and tapping in to the opportunities that has been happening.There should be proper respect of cultural values of different format and that will be helping the companies to move forward.

There has been many trade agreements that has reduced the borders within countries and that has created many more opportunities.There has been many exciting career opportunities in export and import management and there has been improvement in the logistic department.There has been improvement in the retail practices that has been followed due to globalization.
Internet has helped the creation of online education system where by which students can access programs of their choice in their favorite institutes.

Reading the book written by Kenichi Ohmae  will help us to understand that  globalization will stay on .There has to be improvement in soft skills for a person to get good job.Soft skills will mean a combination of personal qualities ,habits,attitudes and social graces that would make a good employee.Business has been done very faster and there has to be improvement in soft skills management.Soft skills will be including communication,listening,negotiation,language skills and  soft skills will play a profession role.

The personal soft skills that are required in modern day are responsibility,self-esteem,sociability,self-management,integrity and honesty.There has to be certain interpersonal skills like the ability to participate as members of a team,the ability to share knowledge with others,the ability to understand the need of customers and meet them,the ability to undertake leadership,the ability to work in cultural diversity.The person in short should be able to give positive work ethic,display a good attitude and should also possess the desire to learn and be trained.

There has to strong work ethic that has to be possessed by workers in a globaleconomy .Globalization has helped  workforce diversity in companies and in this era companies should know how to manage this workforce diversity.

The increased globalization has meant that there has been tie up and joint ventures .The most notable tie up has been between Maruti and Suzuki in India.Suzuki is a Japanese global giant and  entered the Indian shore by tying up with Indian government.There has been entry of Honda into Indian market by tying up with Hero group.There has been companies that has come directly to Indian market and that include Hyundai company from South Korea.That has helped the competition to increase in Indian automobile market.Indian manufacturers like Mahindra has exported their SUV variant Scorpio to different parts of world.That has been just like setting up global plant.All this has been made possible by the improved work force that has been willing to adjust to the international culture.

Countries like India has benefited very much by Business outsourcing.That has helped many youngsters to get a job directly after completing their degree.The work time has been normally in UK or US time and the employees has to possess the necessary soft skills to adjust to Western accent.The main advantage that a country like India possess has been that English has been like mother tongue in Universities of India.That has helped to create a global work force ready to embrace global values.
There has been a creation of multinational tactics by firms and that will be helping the growth .There would be difference in packaging,advertisement that would be satisfying the local culture and there has to be looking at alternatives also.This can be said as an example.Google has a search engine option in English that has been popular worldwide.When it comes to India,Google has not been reluctant to allow searching in Hindi,National language off India and in regional languages like Tamil,Malayalam and so on.That means more and more people has been willing to use Google as their search engine.
The principle has been taken forward in blogs.Blogs are social communication messages that has been written by consumers.There has been an option of publishing blog in English and other regional  languages in India.Internet has helped many e-commerce sites and many people over the world.There has been change in the way media has been looking at Internet.Media companies has been willing to start publications of news using Internet and has been able to increase their readership base because of it.The reason for this is that local regional newspapers has been able to generate content in their own language and that has bee read by people staying away from their homeland.This can be cited as an example in which a local regional paper that has been published from Kerala , India named Malayala Manorama has a website .The site publishes news ,  sports news, entertainment news and other news in popular regional language Malayalam.This has been helpful for people from Kerala who has been residing in Middle East countries.The advantage that the publisher  has is that it will cost more money to publish newspaper from Gulf.Moreover the youngsters has not been reluctant in getting updates from Internet.

People from India can gets  access to the  publications all over the world.There has been increased branding and that has not been restricted to jeans market.People has been coming forward to buy Levis from online stores.Online stores like Amazon.com has changed the way business has been done.
Content has to be updated regularly in web sites or the sites will lose traffic in popular search engines.That has been a big opener in career avenues for web content writers who know more about search engine optimization.

Globalization has helped to create a cult in Jackson music and had if Jackson had sung in an era when TVvideos were not popular , would he have retained the fan base following There has been helping of watching TV channels through Internet and that has helped consumers to watch other nation channels.for example ,a parson from India can choose from a list of popular American channels through Internet TV and can watch it at their own pace.

Internet has helped the consumers to record the favorite programs of consumers and Internet has helped to watch TVs while traveling and in privacy.That has helped in the sense that people will not be losing their favorite programs.

There has been increase in the use of satellite TV and that has helped the people to come together.Internet has been used for viable business platform by E-bay and that has helped the growth of e-commerce globally.There has been increase in the brand recall globally .Market people has not been reluctant to consider Internet as part of tactics process and there has been more  social networking sites that has helped the growth of  messages.

BPO has succeeded because of technological revolution and there has been cost reductions.India ,Ireland has benefited with the rise of BPO.There has been accusations that BPO has been making full advantage of low cost service from developing countries and there has been another accusation that local employment has diminished.But in reality BPO has helped in spreading wealth and that has been the true way of globalization.Kenichi Ohmae has been stating that wealth will be going directly to the hands of individual and from which the individual will be either spending the money or saving the money.In both cases ,it will be  a success of  economy.Spending more cash will make more brands to come and more business to flourish.China and countries like Philippines has also benefited with the BPO wave.

The rise of BPO has also led to transfer of clerical jobs to computer and that has helped the government to reduce their cost and increase their competitiveness.There can be better improvement of BPO service that will help in taking forward of borderless world.

The rise of BPO has been associated with the increased use of English as business language.There has been efforts to promote other international languages.That has not clicked and the use of English as business language has been spreading throughout Asia.

THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND GLOBALIZATION
Globalization has helped in changing the political atmosphere globally.Countries has been willing to share or enter agreements based on the returns that they can get.There has been more economical  dealing with things rather than human rights issues.There has been no problem in doing business with China even though there has been doubts about their political stand and human right issues.

The same principle applies when doing business with America .America has been accused in indulging in war with Iraq and them have been accused of various human right issues.But that has not diminished the interest of business people to start business in America or trade with America.This has been well supported by the author Ohame.

Countries will have to become more technological and knowledge intensive to move forward.There has to be more proactive organizational involvement .Globalization has created borderless world and that has been seen the way government has been tackling terror links.Globally the world has been united against the terrorism and there has been concrete measures taken against terrorism.

Government has understood that technology is the future and government has not been reluctant to use web site as a platform for promoting their government initiatives.There has been more spending from government for tourism promotion and that has helped to attract tourist more.There has been more news about the political situation in Internet.

The government of a country will be competing with other governments to attract foreign direct investment to their country and there has been increased competition that has led to decreased barriers to economy.Like the author Ohame has pointed out ,it is the capital that has been ruling the world.There has been wavering of laws sometimes to attract extra investment.That has helped in creation of Special Economic Zones for business companies.China has been in forefront in creating SEZ and has helped to attract big companies to that area.

Government like China has been encouraging manufacturing that can takes on the world and there has been more scholarship that has been offered to students to travel outside and learn new things.
Government like UAE has been encouraging media companies and has set up Dubai Media City.Government has been willing to trade currency in US dollar.There has been another set of currencies like Euro ,Yen and Chinese currency.

Government has to be willing to encourage technological platforms like HTML and credit card ,ATMS and smart card.

Government has been willing to change the way they function and Indian government has been willing to make railways booking through Internet.That has helped to increase the revenue of railways.There has been change in the perception of government services and public services once they went online and that has been the biggest advantage of globalization.People has been able to book tickets , know about their investment , their bank statement without any hassles and that has helped the process of globalization a good one.

There has been effort from government to increase communications with big business houses using e-mail and there has been more transparency of contracts.There has been improvement in e-payment system and e-customer service system that has been improving the image of government services.Government has been willing to take the role of facilitator and  that has been creating an environment for business.

CONCLUSION
The argument that this paper has been discussing has been the benefits of globalization and has been trying to support the arguments put forward by Kenichi Ohmae  in book  The Next Global Stage, Challenges and Opportunities in our Borderless World.The role of this essay has been to support the  arguments put forward by Kenichi Ohmae .There has been more concrete efforts to support the role that has been displayed by e-business and e-commerce applications.The paper goes through the social networking sites , blogs,Internet,Internet TV,VOIP and BPO in support of the arguments put forward by Kenichi Ohmae  .There has been a distant approach to the role that the government plays and the paper also argues that when government has taken to Internet as a medium , it has been able to get a new brand image.There has been an argument for the need of soft skills in the changing environment and that has been discussed in this paper.The paper has also discussed the role of banner ads and Internet in promoting the brand value of product.The paper has also been able to establish English as
universal language though there has been usage of other languages in Internet.

The statement made by Kenichi Ohmae   that globalization will stay will remain true.This essay will also make a statement that economic prosperity is the key issue in todays globalworld and the currency has been revolving around US dollar.It is technology and knowledge based economies that will be driving forward the world rather than political role.The paper has not highlighted any human right issues or any other social issues that has been supposed to rise through globalization.The paper has also  cited some relevant examples from countries like India and China.There has been mentioning of countries like Maldives and other countries like Sri Lanka,Philippines and so on.

An introductory overview into nursing ethics
Basic themes and conceptions that formulate the nursing ethics
-Promotion of a wholistic ethical care environment
-Creating, maintaining and upholding the basic wellbeing of the patients
-Practice and maintenance of good care decisions and skills
-Confidentiality and privacy
- Promotion of patients dignity
-Justice for the patients
-The principle of accountability

The process of utilizing ethics and the basic value in the course of nursing
Ethical experiences and expectation in the field of nursing
The future state of the nursing profession
                               
Philosophy of Nursing Ethics
Overview
Nursing ethics refers to the field in nursing concerned with studying the basis of nurses professional duties in order to establish good nursing practices for the nursing field. It is involved with the evaluation of the nursing professional actions in order to facilitate the provision of good nursing services to patients and the society as a whole. It aims at establishing a professional code of conduct that outlines the accepted behavior of nurses in their profession. In the past, the field aimed at establishing the virtues that constituted a good nurse but in the present, the field aims at making sure nurses respect the patients right outlined in the nurses code of conduct for nurses established in the international code of nurses and the nurses council in many countries (Joel, Kelly, 15)

The first code of ethics for nurses was ratified by the international nurses council in 1953 but it has undergone major revision and edition ever since its formulation with the last major review in 2005. The purpose of the code is provide guidelines to nurses on the principles of working ethically in their profession as well as guiding them through the ethical disputes that arise in their career between them and either the patient, families and the health system laws. The code of ethics also serves as a standard that can be used for self regulation and evaluation for the nurses and also acts as a means that can be used for feed back. The code of ethics also acts as a source of information for the public as to the commitments and duties of the nurse in the nursing field as well as providing the criteria for nurses in decision making, in accordance with the accepted nursing laws and standards (Hunt, 34). The code of ethics is revised periodically in order to make it remain in tune with changing societal values

Ethics in nursing are mandatory for nurses to uphold and be accountable for. The concept of ethics is a broad one and requires the nurses to be aware of the societys views that influence health. These societal ideologies form part of the ethical practice and serve as nurses learning sources although they may not be outlined in the nurses code of ethics.

Themes in Nursing Ethics
They are the duties that are core to in nursing ethics. They are outlined in the several values that guide the building of relationships between nurses and the patients and other people as well. They include
Promoting wholistic ethical care

It is a central value in the nurses code of conduct and it requires nurses to give compassionate care by using the correct speech, and nonverbal signs that reveal their concern for others need in healthcare. To build such relationship between them and the patients, this value is central in building such relationships and it requires to always strive to understand and appreciate the needs of other people. The value also obligates nurses to intervene and address unethical practices that might be existing in their profession. In case of inadequate equipments or facilities, the value requires nurses to collaborate with others in order to minimize the risk and circumvent adverse effects.
Upholding wellbeing and health of their patients

This primary value requires nurses to work effectively with people at all levels in order to maintain the highest standards possible for health and well being of their clients. The value requires nurses to only provide support that is aimed at improving the wellbeing of their patients. The ethical duties under this value obligate nurse to make sure that they liaise with other health care sectors in order to provide the best possible care to the persons under their care, as well as making sure that individual rights in accessing care are not interfered with for those under their care
c). Maintaining and practicing good decision making skills
 
This value promotes an individuals right to access relevant information from the nurse and make informed decisions. It obligates nurses to ensure they promote and respect an individual right to make their own decisions.  The ethical responsibilities under this value include nurses ensuring that they provide people under their care with the relevant information that they require to make their own decisions about their health (Pinch, 217). The other ethical responsibility is to make sure that the nurses do not misuse the power to make decision for their clients and making sure that they uphold the clients right to make an informed decision for their heath

Upholding privacy and confidentiality
This theme in nursing ethics requires nurses to maintain privacy of their clients information they gather from people under their care. The ethical duties of the nurse under this primary value include nurses making sure that only the correct people have access to their clients information. Another one is ensuring communication with their clients are not overheard in the course of their communication (Hunt, 20). The other ethical responsibility for the nurse is making sure that they safeguard information in the medical records they prepare

Promoting dignity
This primary value in nursing ethics requires the nurse to value the people under there care. Nurses are supposed to treat all persons as equals and should relate well with the people giving support to the people around their care. This theme is very critical as it requires nurses to relate well with their clients regardless of their beliefs, social and financial standing or there values. The other ethical duty for nurses under this theme is making sure that they maintain their relationships with their clients to professional only in order to ensure that they do not abuse the power they have for other ulterior motives like financial gain. Other ethical considerations that nurses must consider to promote dignity include  making sure that their clients are comfortable by administering  pain relievers and other measures that might  alleviate  suffering of their clients  in order to make their clients to live a more dignified life (Joel, Kelly, p.41). The value also requires that nurses must coexist in harmony among their colleagues and other health care staff and that they must acknowledge the authority of those who are above them in leadership.

e) Promoting justice
This value requires all nurses to remain true to the principles of justice by ensuring that there is no discrimination in their profession in terms of race culture or social standing. Nurses must ensure that there is fairness and human rights are upholded in their profession. The ethical rensponlities nurses must uphold to promote justice include ensuring that there is no victimization or unfairinhuman treatment when handling their clients and ensuring that there is fair distribution of resources for their clients under their care (Hunt, 38). The theme also requires that nurses operate under a climate of openness and transparency that allow critism of any situations that may be deemed not to be of the best interest to their client and their profession

Accountability
This value requires the nurses to be responsible for their actions in the practice. Since nursing is a self regulating profession, nurses must ensure that there practices meet the requirements of the code of conduct for nurses issued by there respective nursing bodies. The ethical considerations in being accountable include maintaining honesty and integrity within their professions. Other measures nurses can use to maintain accountability is by ensuring that they know the limits of their skills and in any case they are not able to handle a case, they refer it to a more competent medic. Another way of maintaining accountability is by nurses recognizing areas that may cause conflict in their profession and resolving them before the conflicts arise

Utilization of code of ethics and the primary values in nursing
All the above values are related and overlap in their usage in the field of nursing. All are utilized in the field by nurses in order to make a decision about an ethical situation. Since nursing is a self regulating field, these guidelines and values only outline their ethical duties but do not guarantee total ethical practices by the nurses. It is here that other factors like individual nurses commitment to the field come in especially the ability to form relationships with others like the people, there profession and coworkers (Lachman, 55). The ability to form such relationships is critical in ensuring ethical nursing practice.

Types of ethical experiences in the nursing field
When nurses identify an ethical situation in the course of giving their care, it is paramount that they discuss it with there clients people supporting them and their supervisors to avoid engaging in unethical practice. The earlier it is identified, the better. Some of the situations include
Ethical dilemmas where there are two opposing alternatives for the course of action
Ethical uncertainty occurs when there is a decision about the course of treatment due to over clarification.
Ethical violations occurs when there is a breach of the set standards in nursing
Ethical disengagement occurs when nurses breach their ethical duties to appoint when they start viewing it as just normal an example of this is the use of cruel non compassionate language to those who are around him.

Moral residues occur when a nurse allows himselfherself to be used in inappropriately by those who are around him. The experience a nurse gains from such comprositation can help  them in dealing with their moral residue  more effectively in the future

Moral distress it occurs when nurses have the conviction that the course of action they are proposing is the ideal one but due to several factors they cannot influence, they do not take the action. This ruins their self esteem and integrity making them to be morally distressed (Pinch, 217).
The future of nursing ethics

Pinch (2007) predicts that even in the 21st century, nursing ethics will continue to focus on the idea of creating a good nurse based on the nurses ethical responsibilities. However, she notes that there will be a shift in the ethical issues as the society advances and largely due to lesser time for building the relationship between the patient and the nurse (p.214).  He observes that this less time spent in forming the patient nurse relationship will lead to a change in what constitutes the ethical duties of nurses. Sarah recommends that nursing in the 21st century should largely be focused on describing the ethical principles of nursing ethics and there effects they have in building of the relationship between the nurse and their clients. He summarizes the characteristics that will shape the 21st century nursing ethics to be the complete and precise reorganizations of the ethical situations that are experienced by nurses, the resources nurses require functioning ethically and how nurses handle these ethical issues. He concludes that the good nurse of the 21st century will be a product of the new ethical issues that will be conceptualized in the century and will be much under the influence of the new ethical responsibilities that will shape the century.

John Stuart mill has remained a father figure in the discourse of philosophy. The philosopher has made a number of contributions ranging from verbal to written works. His authorship of the maximizing utilitarianism works remain a major work in philosophy. In this work, Mills defended the thought of welfare. In Mills view, this maximization was a function of happiness. Mills rebuffed attacks by Bradley and Moore on the pursuit of happiness. Mills also believed that happiness had to be measured in relation to quality as opposed to quantity. In relation to the aspect of coercion, mills feel that the government can use force as it maximizes happiness of the majority (Mautner, 1998).
Aristotle viewed moral virtue as a disposition connected with a lying mean and a choice (Mautner, 1998). On the basis of Aristotles views, virtue is assumed to lie in between two extremes. To cite an example, courage is perceived to lie between cowardice and rashness. It should be noted however that this mean is only relative and never absolute. It is always tended to natural biases. A good percentage of people are never rash. This may wrongly present the mean to a point near rashness. In this view, what constitutes right may be based on moral and societal insight. The doctrine is good as it reminds individuals to avoid the wrongs presented by the two extremes.

Immanuel Kant did a great job by introducing a middle ground between empiricists and rationalists (Mautner, 1998). Kant believed that either side was inadequate. As a result, the philosopher offered to offer a compromise. Kant introduced the notion of using reason while at the same time applying to it the input of experience. On this basis, virtue is informed both by reason and experience.

Main Idea of Chapter 1
In his book, Freedom and Culture, John Dewey opens the first chapter with several questions regarding freedom, beginning with What is freedom and why is it prizedand ending with Will men surrender their liberties if they believe that by so doing they will obtain the satisfaction that comes from a sense of fusion with others and that respect by others which is the product of the strength furnished by solidarity (Dewey, 11)

According to Dewey, human nature is the product of manifold forces and this in turn is influenced by culture.  By spelling out these questions, there have been many attempts to try and explain how freedom, self-interest, desire for power or economic conditions, can influence human behavior.  Dewey pointed out that none of them are absolute as these are dependent on the times (Dewey, 19, 22).

Freedom is inherent in the individual. Any action is considered free in so as long as it emanates from ones being, every other part of an action, whether coming out of compulsion of nature or under the obligation of an external moral standard, is not true freedom. What this means is that an individual is considered free so as long as he or she is in control of every moment of his or her life.  An individual who acts on his or her own accord without the burden of external influence is truly free. It goes to say that no one controls the individual but himself or herself. A moral deed is a deed per se if it regard a free one in this sense where the act is committed wholeheartedly without any compulsion (Dewey, 12).

Freedom is the opportunity to control ones own destiny but within the limits of reason and morality. One has the power to make their own priorities and to act upon them accordingly. However, freedom has to be tempered with order and harmony with ones surroundings. When ones freedom constricts or tries to impose on another individuals freedom it would lead to chaos.  Therefore this freedom, while inherent in the individual entails responsibility and can be capably exercised by mature individuals.  Freedom may be a beautiful thing but since we live in a society, these freedoms need to be tempered but not necessarily forbidden to ensure that it would not encroach the freedoms of others.  This what democratic societies recognize and even though laws are enacted to regulate individual freedoms, the most essential ones are preserved.  This was the case when the Founding Fathers gathered in 1776 to sign what would become the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution in 1787  (Dewey, 12).

Main Idea of Chapter 2
In the second chapter, Dewey states that freedom and individuality go hand in hand and given basis by people rationally and logically.  It has also been associated with the farming class by some people and with capitalists by others. Individualism and social control have been proposed as two extremes between which freedom has to go through. Realistically, the individual and the social forces interact in many ways, to the point they are interdependent of one another rather than being two distinct extremes that are totally autonomous.

Essentially, individuals desire to be free but in order to make that happen, the right social conditions need to exist.  Democratic conditions do not automatically sustain themselves and they cannot be automatically prescribed in any constitution or law (Dewey, 37).  Dictatorships exist not only through force or repression but also by appealing to certain passions in people, such as unity or the appeal of sharing in the creation of a new system. The likes of Hitler and Mussolini had proven that when they were able to stir up the passions of the people and they took advantage of the prevailing socio-economic conditions to gain the upper hand and eventually come to power.  The next thing that happened, the people ended up losing their freedoms for the promise of security and stability and in this case, sugar-coated with nationalism, depending on the local context.  This was how democracy was killed in these societies (Dewey, 65, 89-90).
       
The cultural traits relating to a single activity of conditions is summarized in the word culture. The attainment of individual effort to the promotion of these social ends constitutes, for Dewey, the central issue of ethical concern of the individual, the collective means for their realization is the paramount question of political policy especially in United States itself in this instance. In addition to his ideas, art is a product of culture and it is through art that the people of a given culture express the significance of their lives. Art has its roots in the values experienced in the course of human life. Proof is a decisive that economic factors are an intrinsic part of the culture that determines the actual turn taken by political measures and rules, no matter what verbal beliefs are held.  Individuals require to be united by a communally fixed moral order to understand the unity of the world ideas. The ability to get along with one another is not a basic part of human nature and such a thing cannot be legislated, only because individuals are one in spirit that they can live out their lives side by side. A free man lives in a freedom of uncertainty and ones power without any suggestion of conceit or arrogance that he and any other free man belong to one spiritual world and their intentions will be harmonized.    It is a matter of realigning it.  However, in this realignment, the individual need not be concerned of losing his or her individuality.  It is this individuality that makes us unique and in a community, we contribute our individuality for its benefit.

Kierkegaards Notion of Individuality
According to Kierkegaard, selfhood is the genuine individuality.  It is considered a moral imperative for the individual to be aware of this self as it forms the basis of religious understanding.  He went on to elaborate that there is another level to this in addition to true selfhood which is the live in accordance to our pleasures and desires.  So as long as one indulges here there is no direction or purpose. In order to have direction, one must cultivate a sense of purpose that would make life very meaningful and worth living.  This is what Kierkegaard called the Sickness of the Spirit (Kierkegaard, Kierkegaards Writings Volume 6, 13).  In this regard, Kierkegaard saw the self as the byproduct of relationships.  This is the relationship between what he called the infinite which borders on the spiritual realm and the finite which covers the physical realm.  These relationships will not necessarily create a true self but rather the self can only be realized through a relationship with a supreme being or in this case, God. When this occurs, this relation is positive.  So as long as the individual will not let go of his desires and tries to reconnect with God, he will continue to suffer and live in despair. A person, according to Kierkegaards notion, is entitled to his individuality, to his special talents and interests. Yet, the relationship with God disappears when an individual focuses only too much to himself and never believes on the existence of spirituality, relying solely on what the material world has to offer (Kierkegaard, Kierkegaards Writings Volume 6, 77). To establish a relationship with God entails sacrifice, in this case, letting go of our desires in order to have a much more meaningful life or realigning our interests with Gods plan for us.
         
This notion of the mutually constitutive character of the individual and the community could provide some insights into Kierkegaards claim about how ones individuality can be considered important without adversely affecting ones relationship with others. If a persons individuality is inherently relational, then there is no conflict between the individual and the community. The relational self is not predicted on the account of a unique one-to-one relationship between an individual and God.  In this interpretation, the main relationship would only serve to reinforce ones duties and obligations to the community and does not undermine ones relationship with the community (Kierkegaard, Kierkegaards Writings Volume 6, 65-67).

Kierkegaards Meaning of the Teleological Suspension of the Ethical
Kierkegaard believed that there is such a thing as a teleological suspension of the ethical wherein there is a law that is much higher than the existing laws made by man.  To make it understandable, he used the story of Abraham and Isaac in the book of Genesis to explain this notion.  God commanded Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac.  He did it without hesitation and it was only at the last minute that an angel from God commanded Abraham to stop and was complimented for his unyielding and unwavering devotion to Him.  As a result of passing this test of faith, God blessed Abraham by saying I will bless you abundantly and make your descendants as countless as the stars of the sky and the sands of the seashore....all this because you obeyed my command (Genesis 221-18 New American Bible).

Kierkegaard had wrestled with this notion and had come to a conclusion that there must have been a suspension of the ethical law in order to fulfill the divine purpose in way in which Abraham was not aware.  As soon as the individual would assert himself in his particularity over against the universal, he sins, and only by recognizing this can he reconcile himself with the universal. What Kierkegaard meant by this was that man would commit an act that would violate the ethical or anything defined by his fellow man to be right to carry out something that would be considered a much higher good than the ethical  (Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling Repetition, 57-59).  What this means is the individual surrenders everything to his faith.  This is not done out of blindness or reckless abandon but rather, he places his trust that he will get it all back in due course rather than dwell on the loss and hoping he would get it back in the next life.  In order to do this, one has to subscribe to the strength of the absurd or something that is unseen yet felt.  To a Christian, this can only mean God.  Christians are always taught to trust in God even though there will be times what God would command us to do would defy the norms of society set by man and still receive the graces we deserve to get (Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling Repetition, 78-80).

Another good example in this case would be to lie in order to save lives.  There are several stories in World War II where well-meaning folks in occupied Europe would hide Jews from Nazi death squads who would ferret them out and send them to concentration camps and to their deaths.  These guardians would always lie to keep their wards safe.  Ethically, lying is wrong as we are all taught.  But in this particular case, if God were to see it, He would take exception to the act of lying because it served a much higher purpose and in this case, it is to save lives from a fate they do not deserve.  By doing so, those who lied did not lose anything at all from it by feeling guilty.  They would have felt guilty if they told the truth and sent the Jews to their deaths.  The same result would be felt if one were to kill a bunch of robbers who broke into ones house and attempted to kill everybody there.  Though killing is a sin, it is not so when it is done to protect ones self and loved ones.  This is also adhering to a higher form of good as well.  That is why Kierkegaard believes that this teleological suspension of the ethical is possible.  Laws are not perfect because they are made by man and ethics is not absolute as (local) culture defines it.  What may be ethical in one society may not be so in the other.  It is at this point that we are taught to make that leap of faith like Abraham and believe that something good will still come out of it though it may not be exactly the way we wish it to be.

Hedonism is a theory that denoted the Greek word, Pleasure. The theory of hedonism elaborates that an individuals goal must be the attainment of pleasure through every action or conduct. In other words, the theory of hedonism can be explained by regarding it with the philosophy stating that everything that provides pleasure to an individual is considered to be good and everything tends to increase the intensity if pain shall be considered as wrong. Let us now discuss in brief regarding the history of hedonism and how the theory of Hedonism explains pleasure and happiness. The paper also includes an example of hedonism from the present and how it can be applied to pursuit of happiness in individuals life.

Aristippus of Cyrene has been a student of Socrates who had coined the term hedonism for the first time and therefore he is regarded as the father of hedonism. Later on, the theory of hedonism was altered by Epicurus (341-270 B.C.).Epicurus added a qualitative value in the statement of the theory that pleasure of intellect and moral value should be greater than the pleasure of body. The statement was then criticized by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) in terms of prompting egoistic hedonism and stated that right or wrong should be determined in terms of most pleasure than mentioning pleasure of particular characteristic. At last John Stewart Mills further amended that pleasure must not only be taken right or wrong on the basis of quantity but also quality.

The ethical point of view of the theory could be criticized in terms of several ethical questions. The theory of hedonism does not answer the question regarding attaining pleasure for self or others, or attaining pleasure for short run or long run.

A perfect example that shows the view of happiness as states by the hedonistic theory is that one person may feel pleasure when playing piano and throwing dishes. The example shows the view of happiness but also mentions the critical claim explained above regarding what sort of pleasure of happiness should be targeted.

The theory of hedonism could be applied to an individuals life if its taken on the basis of attaining pleasure as the aim of human goals and actions e.g. practicing social work along with making money for materialistic desires.

An important concept to help us understand Aristotles Ethics is what the Greeks called telos, or the ultimate goal. Aristotle believed that there is teleology in Nature. When he was investigating plants and animals as part of his biological work, Aristotle would ask what purpose do various aspects of plants and animals serve, to what end do they exist. Humans too are animals but they are rational animals, according to Aristotle. Reason or rationality is our telos. The purpose of our lives is to give an expression to reason, to fulfill reason. We have to strive to live, think, and behave more and more in accordance with ways of reason. If we fail to do so, the point of our existence is lost. When we behave rationally, each of our activities has purpose and a higher end.

Our actions are a means to achieve something, and that something can be generally considered as the good. We make an effort to move from point A to point B because point B has something better, i.e., more of good, than point A. And when we reach point B, we are more happy than we were at point A. The quantity of our happiness is increased. So it is reasonable to conclude that happiness is the highest good of human existence. Happiness is an end in itself.

If, then, there is some end of the things we do, which we desire for its own sake (everything else being desired for the sake of this), and if we do not choose everything for the sake of something else (for at that rate the process would go on to infinity, so that our desire would be empty and vain), clearly this must be the good and the chief good.

Happiness is the chief good. Our activities are means to increase the degree of our happiness. In Ethics, Aristotle has undertaken the task of answering the question of how to achieve more happiness in our lives.

Before we proceed further in our exploration of Aristotles Ethics, it may be useful to consider some background information regarding Aristotle and Greece, in the context of morality. Ancient Greece was the first great Western civilization, but it still had many barbaric and superstitious aspects. It was also a society that constantly engaged in wars. It is true that Athens was a good democratic city-state, and around the 5th century B.C., during the times of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, it enjoyed a golden age. Despite this, the fact remains that Athens was heavily based on slave labor and pitiless exploitation of fellow beings. The ancient Greeks looked down upon fellow beings while at the same time they worshipped a great number of imaginary, mythological beings as gods. Athens may have reached the heights of philosophical thinking in the ancient world, but we must remember that these Greek philosophers did not oppose or fight the injustices that existed in their society. On the other hand, they sometimes tried to provide justifications for all the evil and suffering that was going on in their midst. Aristotle, especially, provided a complete rationale for treating fellow beings very inhumanly. Aristotle talks much about justice and equality in his Ethics, but according to him slaves did not possess any soul, so they could not even be considered properly human. A majority of these slaves were prisoners of wars waged with neighboring states. So it would mean that only Athenians (and perhaps Macedonians, since Aristotle was a native of Macedonia) possessed a soul. Even here, only the upper-class citizens of the society, and only males in that population, had a truly human soul. Females were greatly suppressed, they had a very low status in the society. They too did not posses a soul. Aristotle further spread the bias against women by saying that women were matter and did not have a form, meaning they did not have a spirit. Aristotle said many things which express his low opinion of women. He is famous for asserting that women had lesser number of teeth than men Bertrand Russell remarked in this context that Aristotle could have just counted his wifes teeth and found out for himself that this was not the case. Hundreds of years after Aristotle, women in Europe had suffered greatly when people considered this Greek thinker as the official philosopher of the Church women were treated in a very bad way during the Dark Ages. Therefore we may wonder what authority an individual like Aristotle has to talk about higher things in life like the good and the beautiful, virtue, happiness, justice and so on, because he was directly responsible for so much suffering in the world. It is not that Aristotle was a hypocrite in talking about ethics while at the same time promoting very shocking ethical norms it is only that though he was one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers of the world, he was in many ways a product of his times and could not break out of the mold of the general Greek outlook of life. If we study the Ethics with these limitations of its author in mind, perhaps the work can make better sense.

At the beginning, Aristotle admits that this kind of study is by its very nature rather broad and vague. There cannot be any standard principles as in the study of mathematics or geometry, for example. Though many of Aristotles views were turned into doctrine and dogma many centuries after his life, Aristotle is not trying to be dogmatic in this book. Through his work, Aristotle is simply sharing his thoughts and views in order to enable us to think more clearly on a subject of great importance to our lives. This type of open philosophical enquiry, which is very different from the very dogmatic approach that every other society of the ancient world practiced, was the greatest glory of Ancient Greece. But sadly the Greek mind could not realize its own potential. Reason was highly praised by many of its philosophers (the others were mystics), but in real life reason could be followed only up to a certain extent.

Aristotle proceeds with his enquiry. He makes a simple observation that an individual can experience happiness when he behaves in right ways and for the right reasons. But how would be a person made to do what is right According to Aristotle, it is the inner virtue of a person which makes him act in the right ways and take pleasure in doing so. This inner virtue, however, needs to be brought out and cultivated. And hence there is the need of intention and effort on the part of an individual to cultivate a virtuous character.

We normally think of virtue in terms of a persons actions. I may have the desire to steal a thing from my friend, but as long as I do not put it into action, I am on the path of virtue. However, Aristotle views virtue as the disposition of a person. The Greek term arete used for virtue is a very broad concept. It not only refers to virtuous and admirable qualities of a persons character, but also those of the intellect. In addition, it may refer to any kind of natural aptitude or skill. For example, for a wrestler the primary virtue lies in his physical strength. It is his arete. In short, those qualities of an individual which can enable him to realize his unique potential as a human being can be considered as virtues  and they will lead him to happiness when they are cultivated and implemented with serious effort.

The Greek term for happiness too has rather broad implications. It is in fact not very much like happiness as we think of it. It is something closer in meaning to success or fulfillment. It is something that needs to be achieved through effort and action. Therefore, happiness itself is seen more as an activity rather than as an inner state of being. Here the meaning is that true happiness can only be found in success in the society, not in simply enjoying life in any way one pleases. This way of thinking was not unique to Aristotle but it was the general way in which the Greeks looked at life. The city-states of ancient Greece were very strong social units here even happiness could only be achieved in a social context. An individuals existence was an integral part of the collective existence. It may be difficult for us to understand, but the Greeks did not attach much importance to the personal life of an individual. Therefore happiness was not considered to be an inner personal feeling or experience, as it is the case with us in the modern world. In Greek society, happiness was the result of a persons position in the society. This means that a successful and highly regarded citizen of the Greek city-state was happier than another person who has not reached his status.
Aristotle says, in Book 1, chapter 13

 Since happiness is an activity of soul in accordance with perfect virtue, we must consider the nature of virtue for perhaps we shall thus see better the nature of happiness. The true student of politics, too, is thought to have studied virtue above all things for he wishes to make his fellow citizens good and obedient to the laws.

It is clear that when Aristotle is talking about ethics, he is basically talking about it in a public social framework. The last book of Ethics is titled Politics, and this in itself shows how important politics and social participation were to Aristotle. In Greek view of life, a person achieves happiness when he lives according to the expectations of the society and fulfills his duties well. When we keep this in mind, it would be easy to understand why Aristotle places so much emphasis on virtue as a means to achieve happiness. Generally, we associate wealth, or love, or sensual pleasure or power and prestige and so on with happiness. Aristotle too recognizes this, but he downgrades these ways of achieving happiness. To him, virtue is the most important thing  why We know why Christians, for example, place a great emphasis on the concepts of virtue and sin this is simply because sin and disbelief lead us to hell after we die, while virtue and belief lead us to heaven. Greeks did not have a highly developed concept of afterlife as their neighboring Egyptians did, for instance. So the purpose of cultivating virtue was not to become a saint or an angel and reach heaven, but simply to promote the well-being of the society. I may ask why I should be so much concerned about the well-being of the society, but in Ancient Greece such a question could not be easily asked because the life of a person was very closely integrated with the society that he is a part of. The individuals existence was not clearly separated from the collective existence. In fact, this was the way it was in most ancient societies, and Greeks could be even seen as being rather modern if we go by the standards of the ancient world. Individualism simply did not exist in those times, it is mostly a modern concept.
An individuals existence is defined in terms of his participation in the collective effort, therefore an individuals happiness is dependent upon the well-being of the society. And there is only one way to achieve true happiness, by being useful to the society. Most self-help thinkers of today, for instance, advocate that happiness is a simple thing and that it can be achieved simply by positive thinking or a change in ones attitude, but they are talking in a language that Aristotle would not have understood. For Aristotle, happiness can only result by following a way of life that can lead to a more prosperous society.

The Greek word hexis refers to the state of being, and happiness is not hexis. Happiness is energeia, or a dynamic activity. Interestingly, virtue is hexis. We possess virtues or the seeds of virtue inside us, and when we cultivate and follow those virtues and implement them in action, happiness results. Here, happiness is still not a state of being, rather it is the activity of right kind of living. In order to achieve happiness, or rather practice happiness, it is very important for a man to act in accordance with the virtuousness of his character.

Normally, ethics is the study of morality what is the good type of action and what is the bad type. However, since Aristotle sees virtue not as lying in outward action, but in the inner character of a person, he does not preach about good actions, he only presents what make up a good character and tendencies of behavior. Although the English word ethics comes from the Greek ethos, the original word in Greek does not signify morality, it means character. Aristotles Ethics is therefore to a great extent a study of the ideal character. Good action naturally flows out of good character. And good action leads to happiness.

A good character can have several good aspects. But soul or psuche goes deeper than a persons character. It is the deepest essence of our being. And according to Aristotle, a human being (that is to say, an upper-class Athenian citizen) possessed a rational soul. Therefore the supreme good of human existence lies in living ones life in the light of reason.

Being human, we have a rational soul and therefore we seek to realize our inner potential. To do this, we need to exercise our judgment and put in the right kind of effort to cultivate various virtues.  We have the potential to be morally virtuous, but it needs to be brought out through effort and practice so that it becomes a natural tendency or disposition in us. Normally, in ethical considerations we emphasize on the actions. We need a good character so that good action can come out of it. The emphasis is on the action part or on the nature of the particular acts. However, for Aristotle, the emphasis is on the character. We have to behave in the right way so that our character can develop. If we have a great moral character, good actions as a rule flow from it.  Therefore actions are secondary.

Besides moral virtue there is what Aristotle calls intellectual virtue it means learning, acquiring knowledge, improving logical thinking, and becoming more wise. As reason is the very soul of our being, it is very important to develop our intellect in order to be truly virtuous. In Aristotelian worldview, a highly educated person or a keen thinker is a virtuous person whether or not he exhibits what we can consider a well-developed moral side. Aristotle gives interesting examples of the great pre-Socratic philosophers Thales and Anaxagoras. Aristotle agrees that they were keen explorers of nature and they possessed deep wisdom. However, according to Aristotle, they may have lacked practical judgment, which is also an intellectual virtue. Still, because wisdom is a higher virtue than practical judgment, these people can be considered to be highly virtuous even if their practical actions did not show a good sense of judgment.

Book VI of Ethics is devoted to intellectual virtues. Of course, all the other great works of Aristotle on philosophy and sciences can be of much help for the cultivation of intellectual virtue. A large part of Ethics is, however, focused on the cultivating of moral virtue. Aristotle does not offer moral commandments though. There are no thou shalt do this and thou shalt not do this. One has to obey what ones reason says and follow the right course of action in each specific situation. But reason may not be sufficient in many practical situations, one has to therefore follow ones intuition and conscience, which are products of right upbringing in the right kind of society.

Practical circumstances constantly change, what may be a good thing to do in a particular situation may not be the right thing in just a slightly different situation. Hence there cannot be any fixed guidelines for conduct. Aristotle however offers some broad criteria. The notion of mean is a very important thing for Aristotle. One has to generally strive to create a balance between the extremes. Even too much of a good thing can be bad. For example, courage is good, but if practiced in excess it could turn into rashness. And rashness is as undesirable as cowardice. One has to constantly strive to find the mean by using reason

Virtue, then, is a state of character concerned with choice, lying in a mean, i.e., the mean relative to us, this being determined by a rational principle, and by that principle by which the man of practical wisdom would determine it.

Another important thing which can lead us on the path of virtue and happiness is controlling our desire for pleasure. Aristotle is not against seeking pleasure, like Stoics are for example. Aristotle simply says one has to follow moderation. For example, a mature person can get much more pleasure from eating moderately than an ordinary person will get by fully indulging in his appetites.

Another chief characteristic of virtue is that it is not a static thing. It is growing and evolving. Therefore a virtuous man is constantly striving to learn from his mistakes and improve the quality of his virtue.  

Cultivation of intellect and reason is a virtue in itself, but Aristotle admits that reason cannot always be a good guide in the practice of moral virtue. Usually it is not very difficult to see what is right and what is wrong using the logic of reason. But practicing what is right does not always follow from simply realizing what is right. Practicing follows more from the right upbringing, the right kind of influences in our life, and the right kind of training we have received in the past. It is very rare for an evil man to change his ways simply by thinking about and realizing what is good and what is evil. The force of habit continues to drive him on the path of evil. In the case of Aristotle himself, even if he contemplated deeply and realized that all men were born equal, it would not have been easy for him to pay his servants well and treat them with respect as fellow human beings. As such, Aristotle admits the limited role of reason in the cultivation of various virtues, because they depend very much on the local customs, ways of living, and ways of raising children. The notions of morality  what is good and what is bad  differ from society to society. Aristotles own conceptions of virtue and vice as presented in this book are heavily influenced by the Athenian outlook toward life. Aristotle does not intend to give his conceptions of morality, such as temperance, gentleness, truthfulness, friendliness, or his other opinions a valid rational justification.

However, toward the end of the volume, Aristotle takes care to stress on the importance of reason. The highest good of human life lies in rational contemplation, by practicing which we achieve our telos. This is what gives the highest happiness for a human being. Contemplation is the what gods do, and when we humans do that, we are closest to gods

Therefore the activity of God, which surpasses all others in blessedness, must be contemplative and of human activities, therefore, that which is most akin to this must be most of the nature of happiness. (Book 10, chapter 8)

However, everyone cannot be a philosopher. And even for people who have contemplative tendencies it not possible to practice contemplation all the time and we have to lead a practical life in the real world, we need to consider upon various matters of ethical behavior so that a persons happiness and a societys well-being are increased.

Some people say that as years go by, church attendance has been continuously decreasing. This observation insinuates a lot of questions about the future of the church, the credibility of religion, and even the existence of God. Is religion no longer significant to people these days Have people lost faith or no longer believes in the existence of a higher being

In the past centuries, religion was one of the most important aspects of culture and society. Today, churches has become more lenient with its policies. Morbid practices done centuries ago where heretics and non-believers were being condemned and stoned to death are gone. People now enjoy the privilege of not hearing Sunday masses and other religious common practice without hearing any sermon threatening them to be dumped down to hell. A lot of youth nowadays commits common mistakes such as cursing and engaging in premarital sex without fear of any eternal punishment for their acts. The church has loosened its reins to its people, and some say that a lot of people, especially the youth, has lesser and weaker faith as compared to people during the medieval era. The claim might be partially true but it might still be valid to contest that peoples faith nowadays is still as strong as the elders of centuries ago. How so The answer is simple

People now may be more liberated in so many ways, but they still have their values. The modern church now has a more friendly voice it has become more of encouragement than sermon. And for those who still pray every night or in any points of their life, believes that they have a more personal relationship with God- a father, brother, friend. The idea of God or a higher being is now more personal.

The physical manifestations of religious practices may be continuously deteriorating, but the silent prayers and faith of people only proves that a lot of people still acknowledge a power thats greater than anything they can comprehend.